
Another talk from the archives. The date is November 3, 1997 and the sangha continues a mindfulness retreat in Key West, Florida with the theme of Buddhist psychology. This is the second talk (96-minutes) where Thay introduces the interbeing and gives a teaching on store consciousness.
Summary
The talk presents a detailed Buddhist teaching on interbeing, non-duality, and the practice of looking deeply into reality. The speaker begins with a simple breathing exercise—breathing in awareness of the wind, breathing out a smile to the wind—and uses it as an entry point into the central insight that all things contain one another. Rather than seeing opposites such as left and right, body and mind, or self and other as separate and opposed, the talk argues that each depends on and includes the other. This is framed through the Buddha’s teaching that “this is because that is,” emphasizing dependent origination and the impossibility of any phenomenon existing independently. A major portion of the talk explains how Buddhist practice uses analytical distinctions not to divide reality permanently, but to support meditation and insight. The speaker discusses the distinction between body and mind, then expands into the five skandhas: form, feelings, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness. These categories are compared to sections of a tangerine to show that they are practical tools for contemplation rather than absolute descriptions of reality. The talk also introduces the Sanskrit terms nama and rupa, and explains that form and mind are two ways the same reality manifests. The speaker repeatedly stresses that contemplation should not be done from a detached, external standpoint; instead, one must participate in the object of observation. This is illustrated with the phrase “contemplation of the body in the body,” “feelings in the feelings,” and so on, highlighting the collapse of the observer-observed divide. The talk then turns to consciousness, especially the distinction between mind consciousness and store consciousness, using the terms manovijnana and alaya vijnana. Store consciousness is described as a deep reservoir that contains all seeds—wholesome and unwholesome potentials inherited from ancestors and parents. These seeds can be watered by experiences, thoughts, relationships, and habits, and when activated they manifest as mental formations such as anger, joy, fear, or compassion. The speaker emphasizes that mindfulness is the key energy used to recognize, embrace, and calm negative mental formations before they grow stronger in store consciousness. At the same time, wholesome seeds should be intentionally watered through daily life, meditation, and supportive relationships so that they become stronger and more available. A practical ethical dimension runs throughout the talk. The speaker advises couples, families, therapists, and communities to help one another avoid watering negative seeds and instead nourish positive ones. This includes asking loved ones to be careful not to trigger harmful habit energies, and encouraging therapists to help clients identify what is healthy and life-giving rather than focusing only on what is wrong. The talk also warns against rehearsing suffering too much, as repeatedly dwelling on pain can strengthen the very seeds that cause distress. Instead, practitioners are encouraged to touch the refreshing, nourishing, and healing elements in the present moment, which can transform suffering more effectively than fixation on the negative. The speaker also addresses the relationship between present, past, and future. The present moment is described as containing the past and the future, because the present is made of the past and is the substance from which the future arises. By touching the present deeply, one can touch ancestral wounds, heal old hurts, and recognize the living presence of parents and ancestors within oneself. The speaker gives a personal example of speaking unkindly to a mother and later healing that wound through insight and apology. This is connected to the practice of beginning anew, in which the mind can be renewed and the cosmos recreated through insight and compassion. Finally, the talk contrasts the wise and unwise responses to suffering. The wise practitioner asks how to transform sorrow, whom to consult, and how to practice; the unwise person asks who is to blame, how to punish others, and how to justify victimhood. The speaker concludes that while everyone has the right to suffer, a practitioner does not have the right not to practice. The recommended practice is to write down and repeatedly reflect on the Buddha’s questions for transforming suffering, using them as a guide whenever sorrow arises. Overall, the talk is a comprehensive meditation on interbeing, consciousness, and the practical transformation of suffering through mindfulness, insight, and compassionate action.
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