…argument about what is novelty, by the way and how do you measure it it turns out to be a slippery concept. One Norbert Wiener and that crowd. Their approach was what they called density of connectivity. Here you have a bunch of points. The more points…

…so on and the equations for this and the relativistic transforms and all this were worked out well meanwhile, people like Norbert Wiener and what's his name I can't remember well it will come to me but Norbert Wiener, the author of cybernetics primarily…

…out well meanwhile, people like Norbert Wiener and what's his name I can't remember well it will come to me but Norbert Wiener, the author of cybernetics primarily began around 1948 to advance the idea that information was an important concept and that in…

…unity gives way to disunity. The end state of the universe will be a dark, cold, homogeneous, low energy nothing but Norbert Wiener and these other people began to talk about information as some kind of countervailing force and that systems to be systems…

…give me a moment here. Complexity is a tricky concept to define first of all to define mathematically or any other way. Norbert Wiener and some of those people spent some time on this but intuitively I think it's pretty straightforward concept. The way I…