…my favorite example, but I will try to read it in a positive way, where Hegel is usually attacked against Immanuel Kant. Kant's idea of eternal peace, Hegel insists on the conceptual necessity of war. And his foundation is purely metaphysical, not…

…is unconscious. That is to say, it's easy for us not to believe. It's much more difficult, as I mentioned about apropos Kant laughter, to get rid of the, let's call it naively, unconscious structure of beliefs which function quite well. Nietzsche saw this…

…state is strengthening today. For this reason, today more than ever, one should bear in mind that communism begins with what Kant called the public use of reason, with thinking with the egalitarian universality of thought. When I'm sorry if I mention it,…

…We act as immature individuals, not as free human beings who dwell in the dimension of the universality of reason. For Kant, you know the paradox. What he calls public space of the world civil society designates the paradox of the universal singularity,…

…who, in a kind of short circuit, bypassing the mediation of the particular, directly participate in the universal. This is what Kant in the famous passage of his What is Enlightenment? means by public as opposed to private. Private is not one's individual…

…state apparatuses, ideological institutions, all that Althusser vaguely refers as ideological and other state apparatuses, this not private life is for Kant the very core of private use of reason. Now, of course, you will tell me, am I not here too naive?…

…reason. Now, of course, you will tell me, am I not here too naive? Didn't I take the basic lesson of Marxist criticism of Kant. That is to say, is this Kantian couple of public versus private use of reason not accompanied by what in today's terms we…

…what in today's terms we can call the suspension of the symbolic efficiency or performative power of the public use of reason? Kant, as you probably know, does not reject the standard formula of obedience, don't think, obey. He does not reject it by…

…about whether he wants to be free, and he will not free himself." End of quote. But, I want now to defend Kant. Is the subtraction of thinking from acting, the suspension of the social performative efficiency of thinking, literally, really as clear and…

…here, de facto, is that the partner is no longer a partner. In this, you know, we are coming back to Immanuel Kant. Kant as philosopher, not the dirty word. Namely, you know how Kant defines marriage in a very contractual way. The famous passage…

…here, de facto, is that the partner is no longer a partner. In this, you know, we are coming back to Immanuel Kant. Kant as philosopher, not the dirty word. Namely, you know how Kant defines marriage in a very contractual way. The famous passage from,…

…In this, you know, we are coming back to Immanuel Kant. Kant as philosopher, not the dirty word. Namely, you know how Kant defines marriage in a very contractual way. The famous passage from, not Grundlegung, but just Metaphysik der Sitten, two volumes. He…

…der Sitten, two volumes. He said, marriage is a contract among two adults for the mutual use of sexual organs for pleasure. And Kant means it quite seriously. You may think he's kidding, but then look at the next page, where he debates what happens if,…

…woman is married with a man and the man runs away, does the woman's wife have the right to bring him back by police? Kant says yes. Why? Because she ran away with part of his body, penis, which contractually was also co-owned by her. So it's none of…

…away with part of his body, penis, which contractually was also co-owned by her. So it's none of the... But I claim that what Kant was... like just dreaming about in a comical way, is more or less in this sense becoming true. I claim that the ultimate…

…being what John Kobjak and she chaired the session, advocated that it's a very beautiful theory that, you know, Immanuel Kant himself opposes masculine and feminine identity as sublime and beautiful. I mean it's disgusting masochism of course. Like women are…

…want this abyss of deep sublimity, you turn to men, but to two modes of the sublime. You know, that Kant distinguishes between mathematical sublime and dynamic sublime. Mathematical sublime is quantitative sublime. It's simply too much to grasp. And dynamic…

…this line, but I think that this domain of neither life or death, but undead, however you call it, spectral, this begins with Kant, and this is why basically Lacan says very strangely, once Lacan was asked, okay, if we do a little bit of primitive…

…begin? Psychoanalysis. Lacan was totally opposed to the idea that in some this Schopenhauer, whatever, deep will, irrationalism, he said in Kant. In Kant's, not even practicalism, critique of pure reason. Where? And I have a nice answer, I hope. I'm sorry,…

…And I have a nice answer, I hope. I'm sorry, some of you know this line, but it's like, you know that Kant distinguishes there between You have a positive judgment, negative judgment, and what he calls infinite judgment. How are they structured? Positive…

…am dead. You assert a predicate. Negative judgment is, of course, negation. I am not dead. which means I am alive. But as Kant puts it in a very nice way, infinite judgment is also negation, but a totally different one. In negative judgment, you negate…

…sorry, in Kant's philosophy. For example, there is a wonderful passage in Kant's lesser known, Immanuel Kant's small text on education, where Kant proposes his famous thesis that man is an idol who needs a master. And then he went on, he goes on Kant…

…on education, where Kant proposes his famous thesis that man is an idol who needs a master. And then he went on, he goes on Kant 1, and he says, because only humans have a certain While he uses the same German strange word, I forgot it, it means a…

…certain While he uses the same German strange word, I forgot it, it means a kind of unruliness, wild freedom unruliness, which, as Kant emphasized, has to be cultivated. It's not cultured, but it's not natural. It's also not nature. It's a kind of a wild…

…we get me for saying this, his secret link to finitude. Because here he exactly reproduces the Kantian duality. You know how Kant says towards the end of his critique, the Praktischen Vernunft, that we are only free from our finitude. Kant tries to…

…duality. You know how Kant says towards the end of his critique, the Praktischen Vernunft, that we are only free from our finitude. Kant tries to imagine what were to happen to us if we humans were to gain full access to And his answer, well known,…

…No, no, one has to be refined. You cannot simply say... everything it's an obscenity already at the interpersonal level even Kant who is the philosopher who is the fanatic of say everything never lie concedes that there are situations where you are…

…philosophical analysis. To conclude, I would just like to claim that what is needed here is something which was already deployed by Kant the German idealist, Immanuel Kant, as what he called the public use of reason, as opposed to the private use of…

…I would just like to claim that what is needed here is something which was already deployed by Kant the German idealist, Immanuel Kant, as what he called the public use of reason, as opposed to the private use of reason. What Kant means by public use…

…the German idealist, Immanuel Kant, as what he called the public use of reason, as opposed to the private use of reason. What Kant means by public use of reason is not simply public talk and so on. No, for Kant, precisely, state institutions like the…

…use of reason. What Kant means by public use of reason is not simply public talk and so on. No, for Kant, precisely, state institutions like the church, law, legal system, are private use of reason because they subordinate Reason to some pre-established…

…use of reason because they subordinate Reason to some pre-established goal. Organize religious life, the legal system, and so on. For Kant, public use of reason means use of reason subtracted from the entire field of social authority and hierarchy where you…

…to carry on with that. So is... No, I mean Hegel. Now you were quoting Hegel. Hegel, the big difference to me between Hegel and Kant and the optimism of Hegel, we refer to Kant, is that Hegel once went to meet the French army that was coming to free…

…Hegel. Now you were quoting Hegel. Hegel, the big difference to me between Hegel and Kant and the optimism of Hegel, we refer to Kant, is that Hegel once went to meet the French army that was coming to free Jena. He came, he went back, he wanted to…

…Reason, he read as the first philosopher who came close, without knowing it, to Lacan's notion of sexual difference, Immanuel Kant with his two two sets of antinomies, mathematical antinomies, dynamic antinomies. The idea being there that it's exactly, in a…

…I don't have time to develop all this now, but I will try, is that one has to make here a step from Kant to Hegel, which means Kant remains too epistemological. He still presupposes some objective reality out there just because of the limitation of our…

…all this now, but I will try, is that one has to make here a step from Kant to Hegel, which means Kant remains too epistemological. He still presupposes some objective reality out there just because of the limitation of our categories we cannot get…

…bit too neo-Kantian still, and incidentally when Badiou defends himself that he is not a neo-Kantian, well, fuck him, he refers to Kant. Not in a communist hypothesis, in a previous text he says the idea of communism is a kind of Kantian regulative idea.…

…know. Okay, but let's go on. I think... that one, so for me, to put it in an ironic term, but use, you know, like Kant has critique of pure reason, no? What Allain does is for me a little bit too much of critique of pure communism, you know, like…

…Freud called death drive. You see that excessive violence of which good philosophers were aware. For example, just briefly, Immanuel Kant. has a wonderful text, small text, unknown on education, where he provides his famous definition of what is man. Man…

…a kind of wild, irrational excess of violent freedom in man which animals don't have. This is why animals don't need education. So, Kant is here very precise. He's not saying that it's the nature in men which has to be educated, it's precisely Let's call…

…to the conditions where this can be done, when you can do the impossible. What should you do? You should do what Immanuel Kant called public use of reason as opposed to private use of reason. For Kant, private use of reason is simply expert knowledge.…

…should you do? You should do what Immanuel Kant called public use of reason as opposed to private use of reason. For Kant, private use of reason is simply expert knowledge. Some authority tells you, we have this problem, you propose solution. Public use…

…the smooth cooperation between their state agencies, say their Academy of Sciences and private capital. In short, both branches of what Kant called the private use of reason, state and capital, joined hands at the expense of the absent public use of reason,…

…only acted as a Kantian. I did my duty, and my duty was to obey Fuhrer's orders and so on. But I think that Kant precisely prohibits this. You know, that is to say, the aim of Kant's emphasis on the subject moral autonomy is precisely to prevent any…

…and come to the end, the ultimate example of this is... kind of indeterministic quantum physics universe. In what sense? Usually Kant is associated with Newtonian physics. People even claim like what Kant elaborated was ethics, which should be at the level…

…of indeterministic quantum physics universe. In what sense? Usually Kant is associated with Newtonian physics. People even claim like what Kant elaborated was ethics, which should be at the level of modern physics, modern in his time, Newtonian science. I…

…I'm aiming at, let's take the negative, the positive judgment, he is dead. Let's first do the negative judgment. This is for Kant the judgment which negates the predicate, which is he isn't dead. No problem, it means he's alive, no? But what if we…

…which negates the predicate, which is he isn't dead. No problem, it means he's alive, no? But what if we do what Kant calls infinite or indefinite judgment and we don't negate the predicate, we affirm a non-predicate. We don't say he isn't dead. We…

…I'm just, I'm a shift, we're talking these two levels. Ultimately, I'm struck by, I know it's kind of the English translation of what Kant is trying to argue, that what must be the case in order for what we know to be the case to actually be so.…

…to be the case to not actually be so? You can put it this way, although I don't see here the parallel with Kant that I would have seen. Kant effectively was the first to formulate This idea of a structurally necessary illusion. This idea, you know,…

…be so? You can put it this way, although I don't see here the parallel with Kant that I would have seen. Kant effectively was the first to formulate This idea of a structurally necessary illusion. This idea, you know, when Kant speaks about transcendental…

…have seen. Kant effectively was the first to formulate This idea of a structurally necessary illusion. This idea, you know, when Kant speaks about transcendental illusion, it's not simply a question of a mistake that can be corrected. It's a kind of a…

…a kind of a structurally necessary... No, this is ultimately the shift, kind of like, I mean, we put kind of Marx after Kant. The shift from epistemology to ideology for making sense of the world. Yeah, yeah. Although, again, I don't want to repeat too…

…really appear to you. You are not aware of how things really appear to you. So here you can establish some kind of a link with Kant and so on, but this is a very complex topic, but we can go. I'm afraid to enter it now because all this topic of…

…Kant and so on, but this is a very complex topic, but we can go. I'm afraid to enter it now because all this topic of Kant, Hegel and so on, it gets very complex. Okay, let me just, allow me just to finish this time. you see a simple publicity for…

…the extreme point of self-relating. That is to say, the privileged role of Jews in the establishment of the sphere of what Kant calls public use of reason hinges on their subtraction from state power. This position of the, to use Jacques Rancière's term,…

…only anxiety doesn't cheat. I think one should add enthusiasm. Enthusiasm is It's very close from Zeit. You know how already Kant describes enthusiasm as this limit experience where your senses are overwhelmed and so on and so on. So, you know Kant's…

…You have to have that gap, which is the same gap that you remember when I was talking about how for Hegel and Kant you have that neither culture nor nature. That would have been drive, anxiety and so on. This is what again Freudians tried to…

…It was his destiny. But nonetheless, he is fully responsible for it. Schelling's solution of this enigma, which you find already in Kant, is a wonderful one. It's a kind of a transcendental a priori act. It sounds idealist, but it's not. It's very close…

…this, let's call it choice of fundamental fun. But okay, now let's go further. Here you can see the difference which is Immanuel Kant. There Kant brings to extreme this idea of reflexive character of all ethical norms, in the sense of for Kant the laws…

…call it choice of fundamental fun. But okay, now let's go further. Here you can see the difference which is Immanuel Kant. There Kant brings to extreme this idea of reflexive character of all ethical norms, in the sense of for Kant the laws that you…

…is Immanuel Kant. There Kant brings to extreme this idea of reflexive character of all ethical norms, in the sense of for Kant the laws that you have, moral laws, moral norms, whatever, that you follow are never simply that when Kant makes you, what…

…the sense of for Kant the laws that you have, moral laws, moral norms, whatever, that you follow are never simply that when Kant makes you, what does Kant mean by subjective autonomy? Which is exactly the opposite of Antigone. He doesn't want to say, oh,…

…the laws that you have, moral laws, moral norms, whatever, that you follow are never simply that when Kant makes you, what does Kant mean by subjective autonomy? Which is exactly the opposite of Antigone. He doesn't want to say, oh, you are free to act…

…subjective autonomy? Which is exactly the opposite of Antigone. He doesn't want to say, oh, you are free to act autonomously. No. What Kant prohibits is, you know this typical ethical excuse. Let's say I have to hurt you as part of my duty. I have to…

…but I know it will hurt you, but I cannot help it, it's not my choice, it's my duty. No, you cannot say this, for Kant. For Kant, you are not only responsible to do your duty, you are also responsible to define what your duty is. You should stand…

…know it will hurt you, but I cannot help it, it's not my choice, it's my duty. No, you cannot say this, for Kant. For Kant, you are not only responsible to do your duty, you are also responsible to define what your duty is. You should stand there is…

…that in this sense, Eichmann was genuinely a Kantian. Because you know that Eichmann's defense was a Kantian one. He explicitly referred to Kant. He said, I just did what I perceived as my duty. My duty was to follow the orders for my country and…

…an instrument. That's what Kant's autonomy is. It's a much more radical position than it may appear. And incidentally, don't dismiss Kant as too easy. Kant is an extremely interesting philosopher, where Because my view of history of philosophy is a very…

…Kant's autonomy is. It's a much more radical position than it may appear. And incidentally, don't dismiss Kant as too easy. Kant is an extremely interesting philosopher, where Because my view of history of philosophy is a very simple one, you will laugh.…

…my view of history of philosophy is a very simple one, you will laugh. True philosophy is something which started with Kant and ended with Hegel. Before they were doing some confused intuitions, after they tried to overturn it but nobody even understood…

…confused intuitions, after they tried to overturn it but nobody even understood Hegel and so on and so on. Hegelian critique of Kant. Kant often makes a philosophical choice. And then, You know how Kant often says something and then is afraid of the…

…intuitions, after they tried to overturn it but nobody even understood Hegel and so on and so on. Hegelian critique of Kant. Kant often makes a philosophical choice. And then, You know how Kant often says something and then is afraid of the consequences…

…Hegel and so on and so on. Hegelian critique of Kant. Kant often makes a philosophical choice. And then, You know how Kant often says something and then is afraid of the consequences and withdraws. For example, Kant asks the question at some point in…

…choice. And then, You know how Kant often says something and then is afraid of the consequences and withdraws. For example, Kant asks the question at some point in his metaphysics of morals, rather of customs, are there situations where you are allowed…

…it's wonderful, that it's the contact between use of sex organs for pleasure. None of this, you know, higher unity, blah, blah. And Kant gives a wonderful answer when, okay, let's not go into it. What I want to tell you is that he is consequent here,…

…property of a wife, the penis. So it's not some spiritual unity. It's just, you know, bringing back property. pretty boring, that Kant doesn't see the higher spiritual unity and that it's not just sexual pleasure. This is Hegel at his worst, I'd like to…

…spiritual unity stuff and so on. But then, where things go really great is in what is maybe the best, the most provocative Kant. The late Kant, he writes his last big book on, it's called... probably know, proposes this strange category of, and you will…

…and so on. But then, where things go really great is in what is maybe the best, the most provocative Kant. The late Kant, he writes his last big book on, it's called... probably know, proposes this strange category of, and you will see immediately why…

…know. I don't know. You have money there, I push you away, I steal the money. Why? Because I want the money. profitable reasons. And Kant is well aware that these reasons can be, that this works even for good and that if you do it for some, what Kant…

…is well aware that these reasons can be, that this works even for good and that if you do it for some, what Kant calls pathological reason, Kant doesn't mean it in the sense of clinical pathology, but in the sense of depending on contingent immediate…

…reasons can be, that this works even for good and that if you do it for some, what Kant calls pathological reason, Kant doesn't mean it in the sense of clinical pathology, but in the sense of depending on contingent immediate empirical order to impress…

…have to do it. Now, if you allow for this kind of radical evil, and in this sense, here things get complicated, this is why Kant then done just for the sake of it, but that he then quickly reinterprets radical evil not as an act which is done just…

…which of course makes it much more inoffensive. What's Kant's problem? This is why Lacan then made you know the line proposed that Kant with Satan. What does Kant aim at? Because for Lacan, When he says Kant, Saab is the truth of Kant. Be very careful.…

…much more inoffensive. What's Kant's problem? This is why Lacan then made you know the line proposed that Kant with Satan. What does Kant aim at? Because for Lacan, When he says Kant, Saab is the truth of Kant. Be very careful. Lacan's point is not Kant…

…why Lacan then made you know the line proposed that Kant with Satan. What does Kant aim at? Because for Lacan, When he says Kant, Saab is the truth of Kant. Be very careful. Lacan's point is not Kant was secretly a sadist. This is the standard reading,…

…line proposed that Kant with Satan. What does Kant aim at? Because for Lacan, When he says Kant, Saab is the truth of Kant. Be very careful. Lacan's point is not Kant was secretly a sadist. This is the standard reading, know that. Beneath this Kantian…

…Kant aim at? Because for Lacan, When he says Kant, Saab is the truth of Kant. Be very careful. Lacan's point is not Kant was secretly a sadist. This is the standard reading, know that. Beneath this Kantian duty is this sadistic pleasure, haha, you have…

…but really it's for your sadistic pleasure. This is how Kant's moral river is usually... No, what Lacan claims is that it's not Kant who is a sadist, it's Tzad who is a Kantian. That is the same. and confronts Don Giovanni. Read it carefully, the…

…And this brings us to this typical romantic figure, you know, the Baroness, the demoniac hero. This is where things get interesting with Kant. You can also see where Sade was a Kantian at another level. If you One of the most boring books that I've…

…ah, you thought I lost my thread. I often do, but this time exceptionally I didn't. We are back at Hegel. the shift from Kant to Hegel. Kant still needs the thinking itself, which, as it were, curves the space for Hegel, and this is the primer, and…

…I lost my thread. I often do, but this time exceptionally I didn't. We are back at Hegel. the shift from Kant to Hegel. Kant still needs the thinking itself, which, as it were, curves the space for Hegel, and this is the primer, and none will say, but…

…very attentive when philosophers pretend to return. especially in modern European philosophy. Of course, everybody knows the big break is Kant, Kant's transcendental revolution. And again and again, philosophers try to play the game of let's write as if Kant…

…big break is Kant, Kant's transcendental revolution. And again and again, philosophers try to play the game of let's write as if Kant didn't exist. For example, Deleuze says somewhere this to return to the age of Leibniz, Spinoza and so on. To write…

…to return to the age of Leibniz, Spinoza and so on. To write philosophy, to do philosophy in this pre-Kantian systematic way as if Kant didn't exist. Of course, it is easy to show in a close analysis that this cannot be done. Now I come back to this…

…claiming Spinoza practically proto-brain scientist, so many things and so on. And Leibniz, Bertrand Russell liked Leibniz and so on. Kant is usually the limitation. Kant is usually the last that this analytic Anglo-Saxon orientation is ready to swallow. After…

…scientist, so many things and so on. And Leibniz, Bertrand Russell liked Leibniz and so on. Kant is usually the limitation. Kant is usually the last that this analytic Anglo-Saxon orientation is ready to swallow. After Kant, for them, it's just... Although,…

…and so on. Kant is usually the limitation. Kant is usually the last that this analytic Anglo-Saxon orientation is ready to swallow. After Kant, for them, it's just... Although, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, if your mind is as dirty as mine, I know you can say,…

…will take that road. But once I was surprised I didn't do it consciously. I gave, 20 years ago, at Berkeley, a talk called Kant and Hitchcock. And then, oh, you have both of them. This surprised even me. I mean, somehow I wasn't aware of that. Okay,…

…something is missing here. Freud would have called death drive. And what in entire German idealism, you already find it in Kant, I located it for the first time, where Kant talks about, in a wonderful, totally neglected today, writing on education. Kant…

…death drive. And what in entire German idealism, you already find it in Kant, I located it for the first time, where Kant talks about, in a wonderful, totally neglected today, writing on education. Kant mentions some kind of a wilderness of a human being,…

…it in Kant, I located it for the first time, where Kant talks about, in a wonderful, totally neglected today, writing on education. Kant mentions some kind of a wilderness of a human being, exemplary can be discerned in a wild child, the child whom you…

…can be discerned in a wild child, the child whom you cannot discipline, whom you cannot make obey the orders, and Kant says that something absolutely crucial there, which then repeats itself in Schelling, in Hegel, he says, this child wild, undisciplined…

…tell you, human desire is denaturalized, it's eternalized, how should I put it. It goes on and on and on, never, and Kant says very nicely something crucial there. this excess of instinct which is no longer the natural instinct which just directs you…

…kill other animals to eat whatever. It's a kind of a much more excessive to use Shakespeare, out of joint wilderness. And then Kant says, this is why we humans need masters. And he provides a wonderful definition of man. He says, man is an animal who…

…found is just in a small, like some little deduction in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, where he mentions, Immanuel Kant, two types of negation. He mentions, he distinguishes negative judgment and infinite judgment. It's very simple to understand. Kant says…

…Kant, two types of negation. He mentions, he distinguishes negative judgment and infinite judgment. It's very simple to understand. Kant says negative judgment negates a predicate, A infinite judgment asserts, affirms a non-predicate. You will say, what's the…

…and so on. And my claim, this vampiric, as it were, undead, all the vampires and so on, this space is opened by Kant, and this is... space of this absolute negativity, death drive, and so on and so on, which was conceptualized by German idealism. And…

…excess of negativity cannot ever be culturalized. Which is why, for example, just to give you one hint, in contrast to Kant, Hegel didn't believe in eternal peace. Because he thought that, you know, the way Hegel is presented, perfect modern bourgeois…

…thinkers, some real philosophers who said, don't touch the death penalty in France. If you touch the death penalty, read Hegel, read Kant, Emmanuel Kant, read all the big minds, Beccaria and so on, you will destroy the state. The whole system holds by you…

…some real philosophers who said, don't touch the death penalty in France. If you touch the death penalty, read Hegel, read Kant, Emmanuel Kant, read all the big minds, Beccaria and so on, you will destroy the state. The whole system holds by you the key…

…of state and state ownership. That attempt failed miserably, I'm the first to admit. Why? I think we should learn here from Kant something, Immanuel Kant. We should, the lesson is that the domain of state itself is also in its own way private. Private…

…state ownership. That attempt failed miserably, I'm the first to admit. Why? I think we should learn here from Kant something, Immanuel Kant. We should, the lesson is that the domain of state itself is also in its own way private. Private in the precise…

…lesson is that the domain of state itself is also in its own way private. Private in the precise Kantian sense of what Kant calls in his wonderful text on enlightenment the private use of reason. You know that Kant distinguishes private and public use of…

…precise Kantian sense of what Kant calls in his wonderful text on enlightenment the private use of reason. You know that Kant distinguishes private and public use of reason and you know what's What's the paradox here? No wonder that many radical leftists…

…private and public use of reason and you know what's What's the paradox here? No wonder that many radical leftists like Kant, like really radical, who are even too radical for me, like do you know that Abimael Guzman, Presidente Gonzalo, Sandero Luminoso,…

…of Guzman was Kant's theory of space and quantum physics. You start with this, you end up with you know what. But what is Kant? What is attractive to a communist in Kant? I claim the key is his opposition between private and public use of reason. For…

…physics. You start with this, you end up with you know what. But what is Kant? What is attractive to a communist in Kant? I claim the key is his opposition between private and public use of reason. For Kant, again, it's the opposite of the usual…

…is attractive to a communist in Kant? I claim the key is his opposition between private and public use of reason. For Kant, again, it's the opposite of the usual liberal way to understand this opposition, which is the way Rorty does. Publicly, what's…

…for him remains the public order law state, legal order, which guarantees our private idiosyncrasies, prisons and so on. For Kant, it's almost the opposite. For Kant, private use of reason means precisely state administrative ideological apparatuses and so on…

…law state, legal order, which guarantees our private idiosyncrasies, prisons and so on. For Kant, it's almost the opposite. For Kant, private use of reason means precisely state administrative ideological apparatuses and so on and so on. It means the use…

…means the use of reason which is Limited whose goal, horizon, is predetermined by a pre-existing social constitution. For example, for Kant, theological faculty, law faculty, and so on, this all is private use of reason, because they are not free to…

…free to question their presuppositions. They have to serve public order, state, and so on and so on. This makes it private. But for Kant, if we here, we would have been public use of reason. Why? Because although we are private in the sense of not part…

…public in the sense of unconstrained by any a priori predetermined space. We are free to debate. So that's the nice paradox of Kant, that if a couple of intellectuals meet in their kitchen, in the kitchen of one of them and debate philosophy, it's public…

…in a different way today, to determine again what counts as proletariat today. But the idea is the following one. It's not enough, as Kant says, this public use of reason. I'm the first to admit in a Marxist way how many prejudices and so on can be…

…put it. So what interests me is, of course, also, Then we have all the problem of appearance as phenomenon. We know from Kant that they are not at all the same and this is the usual misunderstanding with Kant when he speaks about this phenomenal world.…

…of appearance as phenomenon. We know from Kant that they are not at all the same and this is the usual misunderstanding with Kant when he speaks about this phenomenal world. This is not appearance in the sense that there is a hidden essence behind or…

…in the Soviet Union, but I nonetheless believe in Soviet socialism, is an innermost constituent of every ethical stance. Immanuel Kant was already aware of this paradox when he deployed his notion of enthusiasm apropos the French Revolution in his late…

…when he deployed his notion of enthusiasm apropos the French Revolution in his late writing, Conflict of Faculties. According to Kant, the revolutions, French revolutions, true significance does not reside in what actually went on in Paris, much of which Kant…

…Kant, the revolutions, French revolutions, true significance does not reside in what actually went on in Paris, much of which Kant was the first to concede was terrifying and included outbursts of murderous passion, but in the enthusiastic response that the…

…the enthusiastic response that the events in Paris generated in the eyes of sympathetic observers all around Europe. A quote from Kant. The recent revolution of a people which is rich in spirit may well either fail or succeed, accumulate misery and…

…the Western admirers of the Soviet Union? The Soviet experience of building socialism in one country certainly did, to quote Kant, accumulate misery and atrocity, but it nevertheless aroused enthusiasm in the heart of the spectators who were not themselves…

…our suffering and so on the best way to develop where I disagree with Rorty would have been with reference to Kant Rorty opposes the private domain, as he calls it, embedded in philosophers like Derrida, Heidegger, who have these private fantasies, and…

…guys are good. The moment you let them to gain power, you get mad. But I think that what Rorty misses is the way... Kant already uses in exactly the opposite way the distinction between public and private. Kant is here still my ideal. You know that for…

…I think that what Rorty misses is the way... Kant already uses in exactly the opposite way the distinction between public and private. Kant is here still my ideal. You know that for Kant in his, I think, what is Enlightenment text, he there, for Kant,…

…uses in exactly the opposite way the distinction between public and private. Kant is here still my ideal. You know that for Kant in his, I think, what is Enlightenment text, he there, for Kant, what Kant calls private use of reason is precisely what…

…private. Kant is here still my ideal. You know that for Kant in his, I think, what is Enlightenment text, he there, for Kant, what Kant calls private use of reason is precisely what Rorty would have called public. For Kant, when you work for a state,…

…is here still my ideal. You know that for Kant in his, I think, what is Enlightenment text, he there, for Kant, what Kant calls private use of reason is precisely what Rorty would have called public. For Kant, when you work for a state, It's private…

…Enlightenment text, he there, for Kant, what Kant calls private use of reason is precisely what Rorty would have called public. For Kant, when you work for a state, It's private use of reason. Why? Because it's not just the abstract space of intellectual…

…debate, but it's part of the common good of a society. It's already predestined whom you serve and so on. And for Kant, precisely when you subtract from your community and just... talked in the free space of reason with others, individuals, this is the…

…in the free space of reason with others, individuals, this is the public use of reason. So the paradox again for Kant is that state is a private institution, but universities should be public, exempted from state, so this universal dimension is missing…

…He's far from the idea, all hitherto is... No, he says, let's look at even Plato, who appears to be his enemy, even Kant, Spinoza, everywhere you see an exception, everywhere you see a miracle. Catholic Church, on the contrary, was, as a rule, always on…

…materialism of multiplicities against the background of void. Again, what we should do here, a little bit of excursus into Kant, you know, It's an old distinction that I'm referring to all the time. Wonderful Kantian distinction between negative and infinite…

…should even go a step further and reject a certain anthropology, which we find not only in... almost entire modern philosophy, Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger, but even Lacan, at least the early Lacan, this idea that man is a sick nature, derailed nature.…

…some thoughts of... Middle East conflict. No actual politics. many conservative and not only conservative political thinkers from Pascal to Kant from Joseph de Maitre to Walter Benjamin elaborated or worked on the notion of the illegitimate origins of power…

…this positive dimension, was first indicated, even conceptualized, in the changed status of the inhuman in Kantian transcendental terms. Kant introduced a key distinction between negative and, in his critique of pure reason, negative and indefinite judgment. For…

…universe, humans were simply humans, beings of reason, fighting the excess of animal lusts. or divine madness. While only with Kant and German idealism the excess to be fought is absolutely imminent, the very core of subjectivity itself, which is why,…

…comes first. Difference, how to think a difference which is prior to the elements it is the difference of. Immanuel Kant... in his early writings, introduces here a crucial distinction, a very strange but clear distinction, a distinction between negative…

…here a crucial distinction, a very strange but clear distinction, a distinction between negative judgment and indefinite judgment. That is to say, as Kant puts it, it is not the same thing to say You, to say you aren't human and to say you are inhuman.…

…enslaved to their instincts, nor culture. Culture is already symbolic law, symbolic regulation. But The conclusion to be drawn from Kant and consequently from Freud and Lacan is that what cultural symbolic prohibitions try to regulate, to master, to dominate,…

…don't have time to develop it now, is that one way to conceive Lacan's revolution is writing a fourth critique of Kant. As you know, in Kant we have three critiques, purism, practicalism, judgment, Urteilskraft. But for Kant, as he explicitly emphasized,…

…it now, is that one way to conceive Lacan's revolution is writing a fourth critique of Kant. As you know, in Kant we have three critiques, purism, practicalism, judgment, Urteilskraft. But for Kant, as he explicitly emphasized, the faculty of desiring is…

…fourth critique of Kant. As you know, in Kant we have three critiques, purism, practicalism, judgment, Urteilskraft. But for Kant, as he explicitly emphasized, the faculty of desiring is inherently pathological. Pathological in the sense of being always linked…

…out of the mainstream big media You are the only ones who are practicing what one of my favorite philosophers, Immanuel Kant, called... public use of reason. By this, he didn't mean state as representative of the public. He meant this outside institutional…