…with nitrous oxide, and he was violently attacked for using anything so discreditable as a drug, and he was defended by Bergson, who said, well, after all, the nitrous oxide is not the cause of these experiences, it's the occasion. It removes certain…

…as the liver secretes bile? Or is it some kind of valve, as James himself, I think, thought, and as certainly as Bergson thought, through which a preexistent mental element finds access into the human being. I mean, Bergson's view was that, of course, it…

…more difficult than the productive view. And perhaps he's right. I think my own view is that, on the whole, that he and Bergson were nearer the truth than the Cabanis, but I don't know. This gentleman in the white shirt there. Dr. Huxley, would you care…

…may be possibilities of very great importance here of sort of removing obstacles. I mean, the justification here was stated by Bergson years ago when he was defending William James against... his use of nitrous oxide. A number of fellow philosophers thought…

…to these chemical means, which enabled, I mean, James remarked that only under nitrous oxide could he understand what Hegel meant. Bergson said that it must be realized that the experiences which Mr. James describes are not caused by the gas. The gas…

…was much blamed by some of his colleagues for such a frivolous undertaking and for taking it so seriously and was defended by Bergson in his two sources of religion and ethics where he said we must remember that the nitrous oxide was not the cause of…

…not affected by the nature of the key which is used to open the door and this is a very interesting passage in Bergson and I think it's fundamentally true that although there seems to be something rather discreditable and unfair so to say about the…

…valve, through which a previously existing mind stuff passes into the material world. And this view, of course, was strongly supported by Bergson and it, as I shall point out later on, it still has its adherence. And James points out that he says that…

…we are in a certain sense like crystals floating within this medium and communicating with other crystals through the medium. Well, Bergson accepted this view and maintain that intrinsically the mind was virtually omniscient and that it merely it was not in…

…seems to... to express a kind of pure non-physical dynamism in the external world. It seems even to talk about something which Bergson described when he spoke of William James. He said that according to his view, James' view, we bathe in an atmosphere…

…it and interpenetrating with it, I think we may also have to postulate something which William James spoke of as cosmic consciousness, which Bergson spoke of as mind in the capital M. embracing this whole thing. I shall have to talk about this in a later…

…recently, beginning with the Maine de Biron in the 18th century, and going on with Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, and more recently with Bergson, William James, and Dewey, the I has been defined as the creature who wills, that instead of cogito ergo sum, the…

…far as Leibniz, with his conception that every monad was potentially omniscient. And in modern times you have the same conception in Bergson, the same conception in William James, both of whom were of opinion that the consciousness that we have is simply a…

…as the cells of the liver, whereas thought is of a radically different kind from electrochemical events in the brain. Again, here both Bergson and James were of opinion that the brain is not productive of thought. but act, so to speak, as a kind of…