…forests into monocultures. What had we done? And at that time, there was a study that came out that had been done by David Reed in the UK, where he had figured out in the laboratory, not out in the forest, that when he grew pine seedlings together…

…all of our trees, except for a small handful of families all over the world form these mutualistic associations. And what David Reed found was that when these pine seedlings were colonized by these mycorrhizal fungi, that they could actually link up the…

…So I did a study, but before I did, I started talking to my friends and colleagues, and I found out that actually David Reed wasn't the first person to figure this out. There was an elder of the Snohomish tribe of the Coast Salish people, Subiyai.…

…is this intricate and vast system of roots and fungi that keeps the forest strong. This is ancient knowledge. It didn't take David Reed to go and do a little study in the laboratory for people to already know this. So we were rediscovering this, going…

…of knowing together to learn even more. Okay, so let me move on. So I mentioned that this underground network was discovered by David Reed. It was known by the Aboriginal people, but I wanted to know more. How is it operating in my forest that we're…

…I learned about these fungi through Western science. And this was a study I'm showing you that was done by a man named David Reed. He was from the United Kingdom. He was a mycologist, a man who studied mushrooms, basically, and fungi. And he did this…

…that's what people were focused on is competition, managing competition. And so I started my work addressing this skepticism about what David Reed found. Do these networks exist and what do they do? Do they really, are they about competition or are they…

…lifecycle of trees and carry out the lifecycle of the fungi. And I learned in the early 1980s about the amazing work that David Reed had done in the UK, where he had grown pine seedlings together in root boxes in the laboratory and inoculated them with…

…going to skip over time to work that you've probably all heard about. This is the original work on mycorrhizal connections by David Reed, where he was looking at a single species pine seedlings grown in a root box in the laboratory where he had…

…the slide please, in the United Kingdom was looking at pine seedlings in root boxes in the laboratory, and his name was Sir David Reed, and he had discovered that these pine seedlings could be linked together in a network. And he would label one of the…

…well as just colonizing the seedlings with mycorrhizas. Next slide, please. So I wanted to find out what these networks that David Reed had discovered in the laboratory, did they exist in our forests? Would they be responsible if we're disrupting them for…

…called News and Views. For this specific paper, the commentary was written by a highly respected British mycorrhizal scientist named David Reed. And his piece summarizing Simard's work was titled Mycorrhizal Fungi, The Ties That Bind. The Ties That Bind. I…

…out as when I was 20, which was in 1980, a couple of years later, there was a scientist in the United Kingdom called David Reed, Dr. David Reed, Sir David Reed now, and he was doing some studies with his graduate students and he was a mycologist. So…

…was 20, which was in 1980, a couple of years later, there was a scientist in the United Kingdom called David Reed, Dr. David Reed, Sir David Reed now, and he was doing some studies with his graduate students and he was a mycologist. So somebody who…

…was in 1980, a couple of years later, there was a scientist in the United Kingdom called David Reed, Dr. David Reed, Sir David Reed now, and he was doing some studies with his graduate students and he was a mycologist. So somebody who studied fungi and…

…in the soil among the fungi in the forest that was causing these pathogens to proliferate. And I learned about the work of David Reed and I thought, ah, it could be that when we take the birches out, we're tearing the network apart and that this allows…

…nobody knew at that point if these networks actually existed in forests and what they did. I then took that mantle from David Reed and that early research and said, OK, let's see if this is happening in our beautiful Western forests, which are so…

…management, what I saw as disconnecting the forest. And I learned of this study that was published in Nature by a man named David Reed. And he had done this little study where he went into the lab, and he had these little glass boxes, garden boxes, and…

…all connected together Sorry, I sort of jumped ahead of myself. This is that little study done by the British scientist, David Reed, who grew these little pine seedlings in these little boxes and saw them linked together by these mycorrhizal fungi. This is…

…How are we? I thought we were disconnecting the ecosystem, disconnecting its natural connections. And I'd heard about this work done by David Reed in the UK, who had looked at pine seedlings in the lab that grew together and were affected by a single…

…depend on these symbioses. for their very survival, so they're obligate symbionts. And they had worked with somebody in the UK, David Reed, who had discovered that plants could be connected by these networks of fungi. And so I was really curious as to…

…these linkages if they exist between birch and fir. I didn't know if they did at all or not. All I knew was that David Reed found that these two little seedlings of the same species could be linked together. And so I started, I worked, I started with…

…I was the first one to do this in forests. So there had been a study already done in the UK by a scientist, Dr. David Reed, and he worked in the lab and he, he was a mycologist. So someone who studied fungi and he had this idea that pines could…

…the tree provides photosynthase as an energy source. And so what I found, what really built on the work done by David Reed in the United Kingdom, where he showed in laboratories that pine seedlings could be connected by these fungal species below ground.…

…growing them together in pots and found that these fungi linked these little seedlings together. And that was amazing. And David Reed actually published this particular study in Nature in 1984. And he actually labeled one of these seedlings with carbon-14, a…

…I also was doing a lot of reading and I'd learned about this study that had been done in the United Kingdom where David Reed, who is a mycologist, somebody who actually studies fungi. I was a forester, right? He was a specialist in these fungi and he…

…my master's and my PhD at Oregon State. And so in my PhD, yes, I did this study where I'd learned about this work by David Reed with his plants, his pines and the root boxes in the lab. And I thought, you know, could this be the could this be a…

…us here that that seminal moment where at least for western science our imagination could expand. As you mentioned, others, including David Reed, had shown some of these exchanges in the lab, but yours was the first field study to show this exchange of…

…with our malaria. But in my endeavours to do that, I've quickly learned about this fascinating work in the UK, where David Reed and his colleagues in the laboratory had found that mycorrhizal fungi, that the mycelium of these fungi, for one, is huge.…

…upside down my view and how I thought we viewed trees and forests as individuals that were competitors. And here, David Reed is showing actually they're connected together and he actually used Carbon-14 to see that carbon actually moves back and forth…

…through my studies at Oregon State University about this work being done in the United Kingdom by a scientist named Sir David Reed, who knew about mushrooms and he and fungi and these kind of fungi called mycorrhizae, which are beneficial fungi, the fungi…

…and disconnection as a young forester, I started learning about this study being done in the UK in the laboratory by David Reed, who was looking at whether these fungi, these mycorrhizas, could actually link trees together. And he grew seedlings and root…

…we let it, only if we cultivate it. Yeah, so everything's linked together. This is work that was done in the 1980s by David Reed at the University of Sheffield. And he was the first one to actually use radioactive isotopes to show that seedlings can be…