…soon after Descartes' theory, philosophers were trying to put forward better theories to avoid this extreme dualism. One of them was Leibniz, who said that every self-organizing has both a body and a mind and each monad reflects the whole universe from its…

…century, soon after Descartes, in the next generation of philosophers, people were already exploring this possibility. One of them was Leibniz, and Leibniz argued that the universe is made up of monads, units of organization, including us, but also including…

…after Descartes, in the next generation of philosophers, people were already exploring this possibility. One of them was Leibniz, and Leibniz argued that the universe is made up of monads, units of organization, including us, but also including atoms, and…

…century, soon after Descartes, in the next generation of philosophers, people were already exploring this possibility. One of them was Leibniz, and Leibniz argued that the universe is made up of monads, units of organization, including us, but also including…

…after Descartes, in the next generation of philosophers, people were already exploring this possibility. One of them was Leibniz, and Leibniz argued that the universe is made up of monads, units of organization, including us, but also including atoms, and…

…a mechanical explanation of fire? The word mechanical is just a ruddy, it's a concertina word, and this is the trouble. I mean, Leibniz, if Leibniz had seen my Macintosh, he would have said, that is not a machine at all. He would certainly have said,…

…explanation of fire? The word mechanical is just a ruddy, it's a concertina word, and this is the trouble. I mean, Leibniz, if Leibniz had seen my Macintosh, he would have said, that is not a machine at all. He would certainly have said, quite rightly,…

…century, in reaction against Descartes, There were two prominent European philosophers who argued in favor of panpsychism or animism. One was Leibniz, who often got into disputes with Isaac Newton. Leibniz said that nature is made up of a whole series of…

…European philosophers who argued in favor of panpsychism or animism. One was Leibniz, who often got into disputes with Isaac Newton. Leibniz said that nature is made up of a whole series of self-organizing units, which he called monads. And each of these…

…nature. There were two famous panpsychist philosophers in the 17th century, both of them reacting against Descartes. One was Leibniz. who suggested that all self-organizing units have bodies and minds that each reflects the universe from its own point…

…identical. It was just looked at from different points of view. Another and very interesting 17th century philosopher was Leibniz, a German philosopher, who argued that the whole universe was made up of monads, self-organizing units, and each self-organizing…

…view. But everyone's seeing it differently because you can't have two people in the same place at the same time. It's what Leibniz called the identity of indiscernible. So he was saying the whole universe is full of minds which are all mirroring the…