…from which ultimately comes the laws of nature. So that all the founding fathers of mechanistic science, Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Kepler and Newton, were either Platonists or Pythagoreans, who saw in maths a kind of higher reality, a transcendent and…

…to tree that's unexplained um and The reason is that the official theory of vision in science since the year 1604, when Kepler published his theory of retinal images, the theory has been that light comes into the eyes when you see something. You get…

…has been that light comes into the eyes when you see something. You get inverted images on the retina, which is what Kepler showed. It was a brilliant discovery. then we now know impulses go up the optic nerves and changes happen in various regions…

…beyond space and time, are ideas in the mind of God. In the 17th century, the founding fathers of modern science, Kepler, Galileo, Copernicus, Newton, all believed that science was in the business of finding out the eternal mathematical laws of nature which…

…a great revival in the Renaissance, and this had a great impact on the founding fathers of modern science, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Descartes, and so on. They were really more Pythagoreans than Platonists, but these two ways of thinking are…

…arms. Neither of these... are ideas which are understood within modern chemistry and crystallography. This was a big problem. Johannes Kepler, one of the founding fathers of science, wrote a monograph on the six-sided snowflake, pointing out some of these…

…to this paradox is one of the first things in the development of modern science. It was a theory developed by Johannes Kepler. who showed on optical principles that there's an inverted image on the retina. But he then said, once you've got the inverted…

…said, once you've got the inverted image on the retina, the light comes in. He had no idea how you could explain vision. Kepler was deeply baffled by it. We don't see everything upside down in two tiny images. We see the world quite differently. And how…

…of the mind has been based, that it's all in the brain. Ever since the beginnings of Western science, both Galileo and Kepler thought it was all inside the brain. That's one of the ways in which they rejected the medieval theories which were believed…

…beyond space and time, are ideas in the mind of God. In the 17th century, the founding fathers of modern science, Kepler, Galileo, Copernicus, Newton, all believed that science was in the business of finding out the eternal mathematical laws of nature,…

…splitting mind from nature. It's the well-known Cartesian dualism. And one of the key steps in that was the discovery by Johannes Kepler, who's best known for his astronomical work, of his theory of vision. Kepler was the chap who worked out how vision…

…the key steps in that was the discovery by Johannes Kepler, who's best known for his astronomical work, of his theory of vision. Kepler was the chap who worked out how vision works in the sense that light comes into the eye, it goes through the lens,…

…into the eye, it goes through the lens, and you get small inverted images on the retina. Now, no one knew that before Kepler. And it's partly because he came to it because people had already been making lenses for spectacles. In the Middle Ages, some…

…obscura, which is a dark room with a hole in it, a pinhole, and you get an inverted image on the wall. And Kepler put these together and worked out that that's what's happening inside the eye. So when you see something, there's these small inverted…

…stretches out over literally astronomical distances to connecting with that star. I'm projecting out the image of the star. So what Kepler then said is that the inverted images happen inside the head, and it's just light coming in. There's nothing going…

…many modern scientists are atheists, the founding fathers of modern science were all interested in theology, Newton, Descartes, Galileo, Kepler and others. And they thought that the mind of God worked mathematically. Mathematicians love the idea that God is…

…matter, mechanical. But the founders of modern science in the 17th century, like Newton and Descartes and Robert Boyle and Kepler and Galileo were not atheists. They were Christians, but they had a very dualistic view of God separated from nature.…

…applies to physical systems like crystals. I mean, there's a long-standing problem, as you know, with snowflakes. You know, Johannes Kepler wrote a monograph on the six-sided snowflake. I didn't, actually. Oh, he did, yes. He was fascinated by snowflakes.…

…it's the center from which we experience them, and it's true to our experience. Saying that's not the center at all, and Kepler in 1609 wrote this early work of science fiction, The Dream, when he imagined himself being in a transport, a visionary state,…

…a great revival in the 17th century. The founding fathers of modern science in the 16th and 17th century, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Descartes, all thought that what they were doing was discovering the eternal mathematical laws of nature, which were…