…call that zero point for symmetry point, then there will be an electric field generated because the field is changing by the Faraday law. And since the field that's on here is changing, the electric field will have a circulation and will put a torque…

…the great unifications of physics, because there was light and there was electricity and magnetism. They were unified experimentally through Faraday and Oersted. electricity and magnetism. But all of a sudden, light was no longer something else. It was only…

…don't pay too much attention. Concentrate on the next stages of the equation. The next equation I'm going to take is the Faraday law, because it doesn't involve any currents and charges. Well, never mind the because. The next equation I'm going to take is…

…law, because it doesn't involve any currents and charges. Well, never mind the because. The next equation I'm going to take is the Faraday law. It says that the curl of E is minus db dt. So I'll differentiate this thing. And since I can either…

…like they look here, and which moves out with a velocity v. Yeah. And in order to find that velocity, I take the two laws, the Faraday law and the other one, and it goes like this, that If I take a closed loop and I ask that the line integral of E…

…with the basic principles on which the forces are devised. That is, that's much more than just the basic principles. After all, when Faraday had his newborn baby, he only had a phenomenon, and it took a lot of thought to make efficiency by closing the…

…the other by the most sensitive galvanometers, nothing. They tried putting big magnets next to wires and nothing happened. But Faraday discovered In 1840, the essential feature, another essential feature is that there shall be a change in the conditions. If…

…changing the conditions when there's a magnetic field or when other currents are present is the law of induction discovered by Faraday. It transforms a rather dull subject into a very exciting one with an enormous range of wonderful phenomena. And I have…

…the area of the coil times the average magnetic field, that is the flux of the magnetic field through it, the EMF, as Faraday discovered experimentally, is proportional to the rate of change with time of the flux. And if the flux is changing, then is…

…of a wire. And the question is then, what is the EMF? That we cannot deduce this way. That comes from something else. Faraday discovered experimentally that this law, that the EMF is equal to minus the rate of change of the magnetic field times the…

…of the coil, that the rate of change of this, which we sometimes call the flux, is equal to the EMF, was discovered by Faraday in the general case. And that's a new law. That's not something that we've studied before. The case when we move the wire,…

…electricity, and you'd at first believe that there should be no effect whatsoever. However, an interesting effect was first discovered by Faraday. Incidentally, we have a good day today. Pretty good. And I want to illustrate that. I have here a condenser…

…that the capacity increases, it permits the charge to run into the condenser and away from the electroscope. Investigating this, Faraday discovered the following, that the capacity of a condenser is increased when an insulator is put between the plates. and…

…each sphere. This was one of the earliest models of a dielectric. That is a physical model to explain the phenomena that Faraday observed. Little at each of the atoms perhaps is a perfect conductor, but they're insulated from one another. And depending on…

…So that's all that we really need. This much idea is all that we really need to understand the phenomena of Faraday. What exactly determines how this constant of proportionality behaves, or how accurately it is proportional for very large fields, or what's…

…was discovered experimentally, or demonstrated experimentally, by, I am embarrassed to say, I don't remember whether it was, I think it's Faraday, but it might have been Franklin. Anyway, it's somebody whose name begins with F. And I know at least this much…

…the laws of electricity and magnetism. But what he did was this: he put together all the laws of electricity, due to Faraday and other people that came before him and he looked at them and he realized that they were mutually inconsistent they were…